Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is a novel that focuses on the life of Philip Pirrip and his expectations. Throughout the book these expectations change and as they do, the reader comes to realise the key theme of how a characters upbringing and environment can dehumanise them. This essay will examine this key theme and how it demonstrates and helps the reader understand Pips growth as a character.  Initially, Pip is a very compassionate and sensitive character. We see this right from the start as the first scene describes him at his families grave crying. The reason for this behaviour at this stage of the book is Pips sister and guardian Mrs Joe Gargery. She concluded by throwing me- I often served her as a connubial missile-  This quote shows that Pip feels in most ways inadequate to his sister and that this domination is the reason for his sensitive and compassionate appearance at this stage of the book.  However, when Pip receives his expectations from Mr Jaggers, and he moves into lodging with Herbert, this domination is no longer valid. As Pip falls deeper and deeper into debt with his flippant spending, he moves further away from Joe and his old home. This gap becomes more apparent after Mrs Joes funeral, when Pip has an awkward conversation with his used to be good friend Biddy. In this conversation Pip presents himself as much more of a selfish and uncompassionate young man: Biddy, said I in a virtuously self-asserting manner, I must request to know what you mean by this?  This quote demonstrates Pips growth as a character as it shows the speed at which he has changed into more arrogant and self-righteous Pip since his childhood. It helps the reader understand the theme of how a characters upbringing and environment can dehumanise them, by showing that in his new, wider-boundary environment, Pip has become somewhat dehumanised. This dehumanisation is demonstrated in this conversation, as Pips manner is made to seem selfish and arrogant to underline the gap between Pips humanised place of upbringing and his somewhat dehumanised state in London. After Mrs Joes death, Pip seems more compassionate and thoughtful. This is because his visit back to his place of birth has helped him realise the change that he has undergone while he has been away by showing him the emotional distance he has put between himself and his family, and the consequences these distances have had on his relationships with his friends and family back home. This compassionate change is reinforced when he sets up Herberts job in a bid to see his friend more financially stable. I did really cry in good earnest when I went to bed, to think that my expectations had done some good to somebody.  This quote shows that Pip has realised the main theme of how a characters environment and upbringing can dehumanise them, by acting in this compassionate and thoughtful way. Also by referring to Herbert as somebody at the end of this quote, Pip shows the reader that he does not believe that his expectations have done himself that much good. In conclusion, Pip reacted throughout the novel towards his environment and upbringing in both negative and in the end positive ways. At the beginning of the novel, he seemed a very modest and sensitive young boy. However when he receives his expectations this marks the beginning of the changes and dehumanisation that he undergoes whilst he is in London. Thankfully though, after his experience at Mrs Joes funeral Pip realises these changes that he has undergone and endeavours to be more compassionate and thoughtful. This shows the reader that Pip has almost completed a full circle of growth, in terms of his behaviour in relation to his upbringing and environment, and this was reinforced by the main theme of how a characters upbringing and environment can dehumanise them.

Educating Rita by Willy Russell Essay -- A Play By Willy Russell

Educating Rita by Willy Russell â€Å" How do the characters of Frank and Rita change throughout the play and what is Russell’s purpose of using the technique?† Educating Rita is a play written by Willy Russell who was born in Liverpool, Whiston. â€Å"I really don’t want to write plays which are resigned, menopausal, despairing and whining. I don’t want to use any medium as a platform for displaying the smallness and hopelessness of man.† Willy Russell wrote Educating Rita as a comedy, he wanted to write a funny play to be watched and not to be studied. Coming from a working class family and society, he witnessed a deep injustice in the way lower classes were treated. Even though people who were working class had wonderful qualities, they were often regarded as worthless. In Educating Rita there are two classes, the lower class that is represented by Rita and the upper class represented by Frank. Russell reveals that although both characters come from different classes, they can both learn from each other. In this play there are only two characters. Although many other people are important to the play, Rita and Frank are the central characters. Rita is a 26-year-old woman who has decided to take a course in English Literature at the Open University. Frank, who is in his early fifties, is Rita’s tutor at the University. From the first opening scene we immediately see that Frank has a drinking problem, as he hides bottles of alcohol behind books in his study. Frank is in his study on the phone to his girlfriend to whom we can see he does not like much â€Å"†¦yes just pop off and put your head in the oven†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At the start of Act 1 Frank shows that he is uninterested in Rita, prejudges her and thinks that she ... ... one she leaves behind. She does pay a price, by leaving Danny and not having a baby yet, she gets what she want’s, an education. In the play, education is portrayed as a game when they are in the university – not going there for the need of an education but to acquire the lifestyle that an ‘educated’ person would so. Frank doesn’t know this game, but Rita does and at the end of the play she realises what it has done to her. At the beginning of the play she is an ‘uneducated’ woman, who knows little about academic things but has a lot of experience about life. She doesn’t value the knowledge which she already has much. She throws away her old life and what she gets back - Frank thinks- is much less valuable. But to Rita, education is a way out of mediocrity into a superior lifestyle. The tragedy is that she pays for it by becoming a different person.

Database Management Systems Essay

While the database management system terminology has become widespread in India, there is a vast space for the adoption of the systems. The market potential still has a significant amount of spread to increase market share. A computer database is a repository of structured data or information and a database management system is a collection of programs that allows storage and retrieval of this data efficiently. Database management systems have undergone significant changes over the last thirty years. Starting with IBM’s IMS, a hierarchical database management system, in the early 1970s to the recent grid computing relational database management system – Oracle, the database technology has undergone a substantial technological change. During the last decade, relational management system or a derivative of it has become a de facto standard of the industry. ANSI SQL has become the standard query language to interact with any DBMS, though each vendor has its own extension to the standard SQL. (The Indian Express Limited) According to Gartner, in 2008, the Indian DBMS market was worth around $194 million and is expected to grow by 20% in 2010 over 2009. It expects the Indian DBMS market size to reach $233 million in 2010. According to a Forrester Research report, the open-source database market stands at $850 million and is expected to grow by more than 40%, to $1. billion, by 2011. Though small in comparison with the $16 billion commercial database market, it is still a significant feat considering most open-source databases bear no licensing costs. (Gartner) The size, growth, and sheer desire to gain a competitive edge lured global DBMS vendors to India. They have opened offices, signed local partners, and translated their software – and they are finding success. Driven by the inherent need for businesses of all kinds to manage their information, Indian database management system (DBMS) software vendors support customers in a large variety of markets. â€Å"From an Indian market perspective, there is still a long way for all vendors to go. The market potential still has a considerable amount of spread to increase market-share,† says Anil Menon, Country Manager, Software Group Channels, IBM India/South Asia.

Steroids in Baseball Essay - 878 Words

Anabolic and androgenic steroids come in many different forms. The most popular form is a pill and is easy to take. The draw back of the pill is it is hard on the liver and kidneys because it passes through the system in a couple of hours. Another popular form is cream. The cream’s advantage is it is easy to apply and is less harmful to the body. The draw back is it is very ineffective. The last form is injection. Injecting straight into the muscle gives the best results. Most serious athletes that use enhancement drugs take pills every day of their cycle and inject three times a week. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some of the short-term affects of steroid use include mild to severe acne. Another side affect†¦show more content†¦Some pro athletes use this extra aggression as a tool and it can be an advantage along with the increase in strength and stamina. Many people don’t believe steroids can make a mild manner person flip out in rage, but it will make a person that is borderline psychotic cross that line. If a family member wrote an autobiography according to his personal life and decided to include the family’s dirty laundry, how would you feel? Well this is exactly how Todd Jones, a reliever for the Marlins felt when he read, â€Å"The Juice†, an autobiography written by former major league player Jose Canseco. Jose admits using illegal steroids during his career. â€Å"I would never been a major league caliber player without steroids†¦over the years I’ve been diagnosed by my doctors with arthritis, scoliosis, degenerative disc disease†¦ I believe I would be in a wheel chair today if wasn’t for steroids, I needed steroids and growth hormone just to live.† (www://web5.infotrac.galegroup.com) â€Å"Juice† is the tell-all book because it breaks the clubhouse code of silence and violates an unwritten rule of the game. Speaking out on what was known but never publicized. Jose also says baseball black-balled him when he was 38 homeruns s hort of 500 for his career and a shoe-in for the Hall of Fame. If he had reached 500 homeruns would have still written his book? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The MLBShow MoreRelatedBaseball and Steroids741 Words   |  3 PagesConfirmation/Argument Despite steroids having multiple negative effects on both athletes and the game of baseball, they also have good effects too. The first positive effect that steroids’ provide would be the fact that steroids help speed up recovery time. When a person is heavily stressed Cortisol is produced to help the body and mind handle the stress. However, because cortisol is so strong; in the process of trying to relieve stress it also damages muscle tissue and slows down the time it takesRead More steroids in Baseball Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pages Steroids in Baseball: The Future of Baseball nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It was a warm, sultry night in September. The fans were crazed in anticipation as Mark McGwire stepped to the plate. With a gentle stretch, he paused, patiently poised, waiting for what would eventually be the greatest hit baseball had ever seen. The pitcher, Steve Trachsel, came set. He shot a determined look to the dirt. In a rivalry such as this (Cubs, Cardinals) he did not want to be the one to give up the great numberRead MoreSteroids Abuse in Baseball1746 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Abuse Hurts Baseball The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of Americas Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. They see their role models using steroids and becoming better athletes rather than seeing suspensions for the illegal behavior orRead MoreSteroids : The Corruption Of Baseball1287 Words   |  6 PagesSteroids: The Corruption of Baseball Steroids changed the game of baseball for an era by transforming the game from defensively oriented mindsets to who could offensively â€Å"out-slug† one another. Steroids have changed the game of baseball due to the fact that it makes you stronger and the players that use it can hit the ball a lot further than others. Steroids are performance enhancing drugs most commonly used by athletes or bodybuilders so that they can gain more muscle quickly and easily to haveRead MoreSteroids in Professional Baseball2189 Words   |  9 Pagessurveyed that all the athletes in baseball that were tested for steroids and shown positive should have been banned from the game. In the year 2005 it was discovered that two out of three people agreed with banning the players who made it to the Hall of Fame but tested positive for steroids. Most if not all people consider this action cheating and frown upon its use. How could this be? In today’s readings of sports articles and papers, fans t end to think that steroids give other players an unfair advantageRead MoreEssay on Steroids in Baseball1012 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Steroids in Baseball† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Today in the United States, millions and millions of kids, teens, and adults watch and play in the sport of baseball. It is probably the number one sport looked upon and what is happening to it is a bit discouraging. Players have started â€Å"cheating† by using steroids to help them play stronger and better. They are in league where you have to be the best at what you do to play, and if your using drugs to cheat yourRead MoreEssay on Steroids in Baseball2587 Words   |  11 PagesHall of Shame Baseball has always been known as â€Å"America’s Favorite Pastime†. Over the past decade, the game America knows and loves has been exposed as a game full of cheaters. Major League Baseball(MLB) has had over one hundred players test positive for performance-enhancing substances over the past fifteen years. Performance-enhancing substances increase a player’s ability to produce better stats to help his salary. The past fifteen years of baseball have contained dirty play by some of theRead MoreSteroids in Professional Baseball Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesin Major League Baseball is the discussion of the use of steroids and human growth hormones. Both are completely illegal in the sport, and come with drastic consequences. One would think a fifty game suspension as a first offense would scare players away, but for some reason steroids in baseball is occurring more and more often to the disappointment of Major League Baseball. The reason players take steroid s in the first place is to enhance their performance on the field. Steroids make players strongerRead MoreSteroids in Major League Baseball800 Words   |  4 PagesSteroids in Major League Baseball Anabolic steroids have been abused by Major League Baseball players for years, it’s time to forever ban the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs before they ruin America’s past time. Why should athletes be able to cheat when teammates or rivals are competing with honest effort? Every year records are broken and new heights are achieved, the game of baseball is very simple yet very humble, and to deceive the game you love, forever will you be punished. Let me informRead MoreEssay on Use of Steroids in Baseball4327 Words   |  18 PagesUse of Steroids in Baseball Since Major League Baseball all-star Ken Caminiti openly admitted to Sports Illustrated to have used steroids during his career, steroid use as a muscle and performance enhancer has been uncovered and become a big issue Major League Baseball is wrestling with. The â€Å"ongoing and delicate subject, baseball’s dirty, little secret that is no secret anymore,† is a huge and growing problem (Curry B20). Now that light has been shed on the issue, critics are beginning to

Personal Narrative The Flight School - 743 Words

Autumn 1999 Scottsdale, Arizona When Miguel appeared at the flight school where I was an instructor, there was no indication of the relationship we would develop or of the adventures we were destined to share. I would have laughed at anyone crazy enough to suggest that within a year he and I would pilot a single engine plane from Phoenix, Arizona to Santiago, Chile. No one could have predicted that along the way a woman in a remote village would try to give us her baby or that we would find ourselves buzzing an airstrip to chase away festival celebrants so we could land. The school offered a lesson called An Intro Flight. Even though it wasn’t really a lesson, the school advertised it as such and offered it at a discount. The owners†¦show more content†¦You guessed it: he never even took a single lesson. When Miguel walked in the door, other than his gray tinged lamb chop sideburns, he appeared to be no different than the others who passed through. He declared that flying had been his dream and added how happy he was to now have the time to take lessons and make it happen. He also expressed a desire to buy a Cessna and fly it from the United States to Chile. I thought he was just like the others: a man with a crazy plan and no understanding of what was involved. I figured he would never come back because it was too expensive, too time consuming, or required too much effort. Little did I know! It was very, very common to have people come into the flight school to inquire about training. Some never made it past the price sheet. Others, as I mentioned previously, took the cheap introductory flight and never returned. Occasionally, someone would take a lesson or two before disappearing. Miguel appeared to be the same as all the others, except he returned even though it was many mon ths later. It turned out, that the whole time he was gone, he was studying the books he’d bought and was truly excited to begin; he simply was busy with other things. Miguel was the one person who took an intro ride and subsequently completed training. He was, and continues to be, the man who defies expectations. Upon arrival that day, he had been unwilling to pay for a full lesson. Soft spoken with aShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War By Alexander Zuyev1693 Words   |  7 Pages Zuyev’s mother raised him under strict rules in order to keep his grades up in school. His mother was also a devout Communist who believed the government of the Soviet Union was advancing society in the right direction. However, Alexander Zuyev began to recognize problems in his society at a young age. For instance, one of his friends who lived in his town resided in a high class home and attended an upscale school; the treatment his friend received was based solely on their father’s position inRead MoreAn Instructor Pilot Training At The Roanoke Area Onboard A Cessna 172 Rg ( Retractable Gear )1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the POH to see if he might be able to figure something out. While in the air, the pilots utilized all of their resources to try and solve the problem at hand. The pilots managed to u se a cell phone and get into contact with the Supervisor of Flight Operations (SOF) who was on duty at the time. The pilots asked the opinion of the SOF and asked for any advice that he might have gained through his many years and experience of flying. Unfortunately, he could not come up with any help or advice forRead MoreMy First Time on a Plane - Personal Narrative606 Words   |  3 Pages My First Time on a Plane - Personal Narrative When I was seven years old I went on my very first holiday abroad, to America. I can remember waking up at Five oclock in the morning to catch an early flight from Heathrow airport. I was so excited I forgot about the daunting effort of getting up so early. My Mum, Dad, Brother, grandparents and I set off on the long journey to the airport, then Orlando Florida. I remember the white taxi van used to transport us to Read MorePersonal Narrative - Travel Writing Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative - Travel Writing I took a final look around my room to make sure I hadnt forgotten anything. Feeling depressed, yet eager to go home, I walked out of the room lugging my suitcase behind me, as I carefully closed the door. I entered the elevator sorrowfully. I pressed the button to go to the lobby where I would be able to check out and hand back the key. The door opened and I stepped outside, still dragging my immensely heavy suitcase! Read MoreThe Importance of Emotional Intelligence In Kreamer ´s Article Go Ahead - Cry At Work1296 Words   |  6 Pagesworkplace. Leadership positions and salary negotiations are what normally come to mind when discussing the obstacles that women face at work. An article that appeared in Time Magazine called â€Å"Go Ahead- Cry at Work†, by Anne Kreamer, discusses Kreamer’s personal challenges with expressing her emotions at work, along with the overall struggle that women face when trying to find a â€Å"socially appropriate way to express legitimate anger in the workplace† (Kreamer). The article discusses the need not to eliminateRead MoreMy Journey From Non-Belief To Trenchant Atheism Began With1256 Words   |  6 Pagesit†, he simpers, before paraphrasing Collett’s denial of God’s existence in a way which amounts to a â€Å"tacit acknowledgement that God exists†. Since I did not grow up in a Christian household, attend church, or even have to endure Bible lessons at school, when I first actually read the contents of the Bible in my teens they came as a considerable surprise. Opening the book at 900 year old patriarchs †¦Skipping to the Commandments, of which there are actually hundreds, to see†¦. Murder To be honestRead More`` Contemplations `` By Anne Bradstreet Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatly. The Pilgrims, also known as Separatists, wanted a complete division between themselves and the Church of England. On the other hand, as the name suggests, the Puritans instead sought to ‘purify’ the church from within. One Puritan ideal, a personal favorite of John Winthrop, stated that â€Å"he wished to reform the national church†¦ purging it of everything that harked back to Rome, especially the hierarchy of the Clergy and all the traditional Catholic rituals† (â€Å"John Winthrop† 165). Much likeRead MoreThe Issues Of Cyber Bullying946 Words   |  4 Pagesa topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children at school. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parents, and some type of discipline between the children involved. Today however, for bullies has dramatically changed and the risk-reward balance has been significantly tilted inRead MoreThe Book Native Son By Richard Wright978 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning. Going back to the definition given, a self must be able to freely make impactful choices. Clearly, society has created a very narrow path of life for black people. They are socially isolated into desolate living areas, attend lower quality schools, have unstable, low paying jobs without any monetary or physical security. Are choices made wit hin this rigged system really self determinant? The simple answer is no, these choices are determined by society. This is reinforced by a poster facingRead MoreFactors Affecting Students in Terms of Comprehension and Literature1495 Words   |  6 Pageshate, strength and weakness and meaning and absurdity. Best known authors on existential counselling are  Irvin Yalom  in the USA through his book  Existential Psychotherapy  (1981) New York: Basic Books and  Emmy van Deurzen, who created the British School and who published her bookExistential Counselling and Psychotherapy  in 1988 (London: Sage Publications; second edition 2002, third edition 2011). Existential therapy essentially helps deal with the problems of everyday living, such as relationship

Leadership Philosophy Leadership And Coaching Philosophy

Leadership Coaching Philosophy If we want to study and explain a leadership and coaching philosophy. We have to know really well what a philosophy means. Philosophy is a theory or attitude held by a person or organization that acts as a guiding principle for behavior. Philosophy is defined as the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct (Mertz, 2014). Furthermore we need to know about what being a leader means. Leadership is having a vision, sharing that vision and inspiring others to support your vision while creating their own (Helmrich, 2015). The definition of being a coach is a method of directing, instructing and training a person or group of people, with the aim to achieve some goal or develop specific skills (Dictionary, 2015). Several components are evident within these definitions. As Mertz described (2014) â€Å"A theory; Serves as a basis for how we act. Theories evolve as new information is processed and we learn from our experiences. An attitude; Attitude is about mindset. Leaders embrace a mindset to influence others in positive ways so meaningful results can be achieved. Guiding principles; Principles are the beliefs we hold close, keeping us grounded and centered in how we lead in. Behavior; it is where our actions come together to match our words and our words match our actions. Behavior is where trust is gained or lost† (Mertz, 2014). Leadership Philosophy Unfortunately, leadership doesn t have a definition. We allShow MoreRelatedCorporate Manpower Philosophy999 Words   |  4 PagesMANPOWER PHILOSOPHY The corporate manpower Philosophy is not mainly about manpower Function. It is more about the leadership style of the top management, the current corporate culture and values. It is about the vision of the leader of the organization. The modern leader usually requires a modern HR Management approach and builds the environment suitable for the evolution of the modern HR Management. This is the manpower Philosophy behind the scene. The development of the manpower Philosophy is aRead MoreLeadership Development : A Strategic Approach820 Words   |  4 PagesFuture Leadership Development Consequently, leadership development requires that organizations take a strategic approach such as coaching, training programs, mentoring, and/or virtual learning. A critical analysis and evaluation of what I learned regarding leadership development is that organizations must evaluate organizational needs and individual skills and competencies; assess an individual readiness to learn; create performance measures and evaluation criteria to measure training and learningRead MoreCoaching Philosophies Of The Great Nick Saban Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pages Coaching philosophies differ all over the world, from one sport to another. They are the central foundation to any good coach’s success in his/her respected programs. A coach’s philosophy does not only guide and lead the other members of the staff in the right direction, but it also allows each athlete to know what is expected of them, and how they should behave. By being aware of a coach’s philosophy, the athle te is fully responsible for his/her actions both on and off the field of play. In theRead MorePhilosophy Is What You Know1314 Words   |  6 PagesBritish logician Bertrand Russel once opined, â€Å"Science is what you know. Philosophy is what you don t know†. Russell’s logic assumes philosophical discussion to be mere speculation. Russell’s logic aside, philosophies serve to provide an academic field its notional base. Serving as overarching theories, hypothetical philosophies are comprised of foundational principles and precepts. Like any conjectural philosophy, this one will speculate about effective leadership’s foundational precepts and principlesRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Leadership And Leadership914 Words   |  4 Pages1. Leadership is defined on Merriam-Webster.com as â€Å"the power or ability to lead other people†. This definition is weak at best. Throughout my career, I have witnessed this form of leadership applying control of powe r, simply leading by giving direction, guidelines and instruction. There never seemed to be any care for if they were actually inspiring the next generation to follow in their footsteps. This seems counterproductive at best. In my experience, I have found that I always worked harderRead MoreReflection Of My Own Personal Development1637 Words   |  7 Pages1. Within Sports Coaching Literature, it has been established that reflection is a generic term for intellectual and effective activities, in which individuals examine their experiences, in order to develop new understanding and intrapersonal appreciation (Knowles, et al., 2006). Research in this field has advocated reflective practice as an approach to professional development which positively impacts coaching effectiveness (Cropley, et al., 2012). This reflective report shall discuss, analyse andRead MoreMy Coaching Philosophy : Becoming A Coach1691 Words   |  7 Pagestask to accomplish. However, becoming a coach requires to have a coaching philosophy representing how and why you coach. Thinking about what my coaching philosophy is became incredibly difficult. Creating my coaching philosophy required a lot of reflection on myself. Determining who I am, my coaching objectives, and coaching styles are all important parts of a coaching philosophy. Some of my personal reasons for coaching include coaching sports I enjoy to play, helping athletes develop, and having funRead MorePositive And Negative Impact On The Performance Of Your Athletes937 Words   |  4 PagesRegardless of gender or the age group, as a coach you have an impact on the performance of your athletes that are both positive and negative. Through different coaching styles, ethical believes, values, motivation tactics, and strategies coaches will impact their athletes both physical and cognitive and moral behaviors. Through appropriate modeling techniques athletes will learn the difference between ethical and abusive behaviors from coaches that relate to athlete outcomes, willingness to cheatRead MoreCoach K vs. Coach Knight1289 Words   |  6 Pagessignificant differences can be found. Even though the accomplishments of these individuals are impressive and clearly reflect the effectiveness of their leadership styles, there are factros such as personal qualitie s and characteristics that make Coach K a better fit to the Pepperdine Athletic Program. In this essay, I will analyze different leadership theories in order to prove this point and show that regardless of the tremendeous expereince and impressive record of Coach Knight, Coach K is the personRead MoreThe Differences Between Business Culture And The British Aircraft Corporation, Marconi Space And Ferranti1484 Words   |  6 Pagesand implementation of a new product which later grew to a $50/yr business by 2005. Past leadership experience should have taught me to build and develop a robust infrastructure, a platform that would provide a solid foundation for an aggressive growing business, approved by the global space market. Typical with most startups, the problems weighed- in one after another testing our organization. My naà ¯ve philosophy at that time: being a leader, I should lead by example, demonstrate that I â€Å"walk the talk

Defining Stress and Burnout Free Essays

string(54) " social support from management and fellow employees\." The relationship amongst Individuals and the organizations can be studied through the methods of Interaction between personnel and groups, as well as the strategies and factors affecting the behavior between each. For the purpose of this literature review, stress and Job burnout will be used to depict a major behavior of the relationship between the organization and its personnel (Ghana 2004). For example, Job burnout and its characteristics can have substantial effects on the organization and its personnel, which is why many researchers in recent decades have chosen to Investigate the phenomenon further. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Stress and Burnout or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term Job burnout’ came Into play In the United States during the sass when It was identified more as a social problem, rather than a focus of systematic study by researchers (Mismatch 2001). However, the power of the term ‘burnout’ made it possible to delve deeper into an Individual’s experiences in the workplace and capture their realities, no matter what profession was under scrutiny. According to the Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, the phenomenon of Job burnout happens In different Jobs at various levels with major side effects to the organization, TTS personnel and their families (Freakish 2009). Due to the detrimental effects to job performance brought about by the phenomenon in question, defining job burnout, finding the indicators of where it occurs and discovering the preventative measures will be the focus of this paper. Defining Stress and Job Burnout Stress and job burnout have been considered occupational hazards for many people-oriented professions such as healthcare, human services and education. The practitioners In these professions began their Job with enthusiasm, positive expectations and a strong dedication to helping people. The demands of such Jobs are usually understated, but the norms are the same: to work long hours to do what you must to help the client, to put others’ needs first and to ultimately be selfless. However these demands often come at a high price when one experiences the beginning stages of Job burnout. Brandenburg, Pines, Aaron’s and Kathy define Job burnout as a syndrome consisting of emotional and physical tiredness caused by development of negative occupational tendencies, and missing one’s Interest In one’s own job (Brandenburg 1975). The key characteristics can be seen through feelings f frustration, exhaustion, anger and cynicism as well as a sense of failure and ineffectiveness. In addition, personnel and even management may suffer from sleep disorders, frequent headaches and anorexia (Freakish 2009). These experiences affect both social and personal functions of their Job performance. Naturally, this not only affects the Individual worker, but the people depending on him or her, and of course, the organization as a whole (Mismatch 1998). When organizational performance is effected negatively, this results in less work, absence from the job, arioso complaints, conflict in work environment, frequent delays, change of position and Job and even the quitting of the job. Ultimately, any manager who has suffered from Job burnout for whatever reason puts his psychological health at serious risk which could hinder the ability to communicate with others and solve personal oppositions Ana tendencies In an accepted, logical manner (Frankness 2 Mismatch and Letter, two of the leading scholars in the analysis and study of Job burnout, have done over 25 years of research on the subject. These experts claim that although there is no standard definition to Job burnout, they agree there are here prevailing dimensions which maintain a consistent structure throughout a variety of professions ( Mismatch 2001). These three components are: exhaustion, cynicism (a distant attitude toward the Job), and reduced professional efficacy. Of these three components, exhaustion is the most meticulously studied due to its predominance in the workplace. Some even argue that because of this strong identification with burnout, the other two aspects of the syndrome are unnecessary to consider. Exhaustion reflects the stress dimension of burnout, yet it fails to encompass the relationship people have with their work. Mismatch and Letter say that exhaustion is not Just experienced – it instigates the motion to disconnect oneself cognitively and emotionally from one’s work. This act has a specific name: diversification. This is an attempt to distance oneself and the ones receiving services (perhaps the client) by actively ignoring the qualities that make them engaging, unique people. People use this distancing method to develop an indifferent or a cynical attitude, so that they can manage the demands of their Job without having to view their counterparts as real people but as impersonal objects (Freakish 2009). Distancing is such an expected reaction to exhaustion that the strong correlation to cynicism (diversification) is always found when studying burnout (Mismatch 1996). The third component, lack of professional efficacy (reduced personal accomplishment) can be seen in a work situation with constant, overwhelming Job duties that add to the exhaustion or cynicism. This is because it is difficult to have a feeling of accomplishment when one feels exhausted or indifferent toward the people they are supposed to help. The main difference between the three components is that a lack of efficacy stems from the lack of elevate resources, whereas exhaustion and cynicism arise from social conflict and work overload (Mismatch 1998). Where Does Burnout Happen? According to the Annual Review of Psychology Journal, burnout is an individual experience that is specific to the work context. Therefore, the situational factors of Job burnout must be examined in order to fully understand the reasons behind its presence in many of our major industries. As mentioned above, research indicates that burnout is a response to work overload, time pressures and other quantitative job demands (such as too much work for available time). Studies of qualitative demands include role ambiguity and role conflict. Role conflict occurs as the conflicting demands of the Job must be met, whereas role ambiguity happens when there is not enough information given to do the Job well (Mismatch 1997). Another situational factor which is highly consistent with burnout rates is a lack of Job resources such as a lack of social support from management and fellow employees. You read "Defining Stress and Burnout" in category "Papers" Another set of Job resources has to do with control and information. If there is a lack of feedback from supervisors and no opportunity for decision making between management and employees, then the chances for burnout are much higher (Pulitzer and Mashers 2003). Based on the situational factors as seen in the quantitative and qualitative Job demands, it is easier to see where (I. . What Job Inaugurates) Joy Turnout occurs ten most. When telling Turnout earlier In tons paper, it was stated that in the professions of healthcare, education and human services, Job burnout has been prevalent due to the orientation toward emotion and people. Mismatch and Letter said there are actually five occupational sectors where the three emissions of burnout can be seen: te aching, social services, medicine, mental health and law enforcement. For example, in a study conducted by Stress and Health, it was found that physicians in South Africa have high levels of stress due to lack of organizational support, inadequate salaries, making critical on-the-spot decisions, dealing with crisis situations and working overtime. Apart from the inadequate salaries, American physicians were found to have similar sources of Job stress, especially female doctors due to a lack of support on Job stress severity (Pulitzer and Mashers 2003). Mismatch and Letter said there are mainly five occupational sectors which are prone to burnout; however, it would not be logical to limit the study to Just those five industries as it seems logical any individual in any Job could become victim to Job burnout, depending on their age, demands of the Job and the length of time worked. Thus, this brings up the issue of who experiences burnout? Who Experiences Burnout? There are three personal factors which have been found to be related to Job stress and burnout: demographics, personality characteristics and Job attitudes. Of all demographic factors, age is most consistently related to burnout (Mismatch 1996). Among younger employees, the level of burnout is reported to be higher than those over 30-40 years of age. Researchers suggest this is because age is confounded with work experience so burnout could occur earlier in one’s career. Also sex is an indicator of burnout. Some studies show there is a higher burnout for women because they fall under the dimension of exhaustion, whereas other studies say men are more likely to have higher levels of burnout because they score higher on Hyannis. Some studies say those with a higher level of education report higher levels of burnout perhaps because highly educated people have higher expectations for their Jobs, and thus, are more stressed if these expectations are not met ( Mismatch 1996). Many personality traits have been analyzed in an effort to find which types of people may be at a greater risk for burnout. It has been suggested that low levels of hardiness (sense of control over events, openness to change, etc. , poor self-esteem, an external focus of control (give credit to others) and n avoidance coping style (passive to stressful events) all correlate to high levels of Job burnout. The exhaustion dimension of burnout has been linked to Type-A behavior (hostility, competition, excessive need for control). There has also been connections between individuals who are â€Å"feeling† types rather than â€Å"thinking† types who are more prone to burnout, especially on the dimension of cynicism (Freakish 2009). And lastly, the expectations and attitudes people bring to their Jobs is connected to levels of Job stress and burnout. According to Applied Preventative Psychology Journal, those with high Job expectations are more likely to work too hard and do too much, which leads to exhaustion and eventually cynicism when the extended effort does not yield the expected results (Mismatch 1998). Prevention of Stress and Job Burnout In Mismatch and Goldberg article â€Å"Prevention of burnout: New perspectives,† they suggest two new approaches to ten prevention AT JODI Turnout. I en TLS approach Is based on the Mismatch multidimensional model and focuses on the opposite of burnout: increasing engagement with work by creating a better ‘fit’ between the individual and the Job. The model provides a way to analyze more accurate connections between the Job situation and the personal experience. The advantage to this approach is that it allows for clarity and articulation of the source of the burnout which would aid in designing more effective prevention techniques. The second approach is based on decision-making and redefines burnout in relation to perception of the risk of burnout and how it may lead to choices that actually increase the likelihood of becoming â€Å"burnt† (Mismatch 1996). Both of these approaches can be simply put into two categories: person-centered approaches and taxation-centered approaches. With the person-centered approach, it is suggested that the individual plays a central role in the prevention of burnout. It is often presumed that it is the responsibility of the person, not the organization, to do something about their stress management. In order to do succeed with this approach, the individual must be able to develop preventative coping skills, utilize social resources, develop a relaxed lifestyle, improve health, and at the end of it, self- analyze in an objective, realistic manner that allows them to reevaluate their own arsenal standards and unconscious expectations (Mismatch 1998). The situation- centered approaches have been given very little attention for strategies to preventing stress and burnout. However, at the situational level, the few strategies that have been suggested tend to focus on ways of enhancing the Job experience. According to â€Å"Then Handbook of Organizational Communication†, one of those ways to enhance job experience is through social support networks. A social support network focuses on the ways in which communication networks help organizational members cope tit stress. They do this by offering the members social support in the form of resources and sociability. Researchers have determined four main components of a social support network: emotional aid, material aid (goods, money and services), information and companionship Cabling and Putnam 2001). There is a significant amount of research which states that the role of networks in providing social support in varying organizational contexts, such as families, communities and neighborhoods, is highly correlated with lowered levels of stress Cabling and Putnam 2001). Conclusion Investigations by researchers and scholars for the past 25 years have shown that there are many sources and indicators causing stress and Job burnout. Many researchers such as Mismatch have devoted their lives to developing interactive models for Justifying and preventing this phenomenon. Many of these methods and strategies have been proposed by people with some type of direct, personal experience with burnout in their particular profession. This is because Job burnout can be seen in almost any industry, especially when it is broken down into its three dimensions: exhaustion, cynicism (diversification) and lack of personal accomplishment. In this literature review, there are sections outlining what Job burnout is, where it occurs, who it happens to and how it can be prevented. How to cite Defining Stress and Burnout, Papers